Author:  Anbaoe  Lee

Beijing Dingson Environmental Protection Technology Company, No12 Huangsi street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100028, P.R.China   

3. Discussion

Because there are the large quantities of super-nuclides, and some of super-nuclides have fission ability in the fixed star, so certain collecting group bodies of super-nuclides including some small heavy super-nuclides bodies can suddenly make mass and violent fission actions and release very large quantities of energy. But these actions are only a part of the thermonuclear fusion actions. The fission can cause the nuclei cycling to become faster. The kinds and quantities of varied nuclides including super-nuclides are always changing, never stopping on a certain stable level. In a word, the thermonuclear fusion actions are very complicated.

According to the double cycles model of thermonuclear fusion, usually forming the multi-charge nuclei cannot directly go through only once compound course, but it needs the nuclear reactions of many times including decays. In order to exchange energy continuously and fully, the nuclei must also depend seriously on the elementary particles cycling. Because the mass of the elementary particles is very small but their motional speed is quite fast, particularly the electron of having higher charge-mass ratio can rapidly change the energy, so they can agilely taste the environmental change so as to collide with various particles quickly. Moreover, various super-nuclides have different half-life, and the bombardment of the elementary particles has various reactive sections … so all factors decide that any particle cannot go into the thermonuclear fusion at the same time. I insist that, the thermonuclear fusion must require the certain occupying space of the least amounts of the plasma to make it be maintained, besides the indispensable energy of the particles in the plasma.

For the gravitational attraction, it should be a nature of the objective matter, but unreal particles have not this property at all. The essence of the gravitational attraction is the effect that varied hard density particles are continuously produced out and grown up and accumulated in the quite limited space by the thermonuclear reactions. Certainly, these hard density particles have almost the tiniest volume but the very heavy mass based on their energy, from varied hydrogen super-nuclides to super-uranium super-nuclides even including heavy super-neutrons and such hard particles. Along with that the large quantities of the hard density particles are accumulated continuously in the core of the fixed star, the sidereal bulk will be contracted gradually, and the sidereal attraction actions will also become powerful increasingly for its surrounding objects, as the particles’ own ability without overstepping the power of the thermonuclear fusion.

However, few people pay attention to the attraction actions in the fixed star recently, though this is a very important problem for worth studying seriously. For example, the sunspots appear intensively in the solar surface during each periods, however, their existence are ever the result of the concentrative appearance of the small body of the heavy super-nuclides groups, or those huge electromagnetic spirals, but we cannot yet understand them perfectly up to today. Now, as to the problem of the gravitational attraction, it shall not be discussed again because of the limited space.

Usually various celestial bodies have different magnetic field, but forming the magnetic field is right relative to the formation and decay of super-nuclides. In the thermonuclear fusion actions, the nuclides of having strong magnetism always firstly gather together. In particular, those nuclides of having long half-life and strong magnetism have more particular effect for the magnetic field formation of the celestial bodies, because they can make the magnetic field hold a further long times. As this conjecture, such planets and comets and such the cold celestial bodies, their magnetic fields intensity should be decreased gradually together with years increasing. Because, without the extrinsic influence, the activity intensity of all radioactive nuclides always is decreased gradually by the decays, the mechanism that the radioactive nuclides join to form the strong magnetic field can be broken down gradually.

4. The Sidereal Evolvement

1. The Foundation of the Sidereal System

A huge fixed star can live usually for tens of billions years from the appearance to the death. We have known, the fixed star must have the processes of the birth and evolvement, but its evolving course is quite different from our today’s sun only to stably radiate varied particles and rays. Then, how is it born in the universe?

There are large quantities of varied plasma clouds to be drifting everywhere in the universe, like as the drifting steam clouds in the blue sky of our earth. However, it is very difficult to discover directly and distinctly varied existences of these plasma clouds. Because, though each of the particles in the plasma can own high energy, their density of distributing is very thin and their energy difference between the particles is very small, so that the motional mode of the particles in plasma is fairly simple so as to hardly happen to straight collide with each other. Almost these particles exchange the energy with only depending on the electrons’ motion in order to maintain their almost consistent distance as the best ability, though various plasma clouds have very different momentum. So we cannot direct discover the plasma clouds. Certainly, these plasma clouds are just dark nebulas, and similarly contain the large quantities of the elementary particles particularly the hydrogen plasma. Now, many astronomers have discovered lots of the existences of the dark nebulas as certain sidereal light pass through these nebulas to scatter and come on the earth. Such as Figure 3:

I insist that, forming the fixed star needs at least to go through the collision between the huge nebulas. The plentiful quantities of the elementary particles are also the base that the fixed star evolves from the beginning to the death. Because those cosmic dark nebulas are always in the irregular motion, the less dark nebulas can continue to grow up the larger dark nebulas with both nebulas having collision with each other. There are the greatly violent nuclear reactions in the collision between the dark nebulas of owning great momentum. And there will be plenty of very hard rays to emit suddenly towards the universe, namely the phenomenon of “the gamma-ray burst”. The growing mode of nebulas also shows that, the nebulas’ component not only has the hydrogen plasma, but also contains plentiful heavy particles and nuclei, and is similarly very complicated and various.

The momentum difference between nebulas is usually quite large, and the particles’ average momentum in each nebula must be very different, too. According to the law of momentum conservation, as both nebulas move close to each other, they will create the violent collision. Those particles in the colliding contact region of the two nebulas can make violent nuclear reactions through the particles’ straight collision with each other, and set free the large quantities of energy and strong gamma rays. If the whole mass of both nebulas is large enough and the plasma density of the complex nebula is dense enough, varied particles’ energy of the interior where is the compound region of both nebulas will rise faster and faster. Thus, the compound nebula will begin to found the mechanism of the double cycles of the thermonuclear reactions, and make the thermonuclear fusion last as their best ability, though the fusion actions are only the cycle’s mode of the light nuclei with being caused by the elementary particles cycling and bombarding but appear in the compound region of both nebulas. At this time, the stable system of the thermonuclear fusion in the compound nebula of both colliding nebulas is just really founded by the ways.

Worth for talking, at the first beginning time of the nebulas’ collision, in the contacting region of both dark nebulas colliding, there are the electromagnetic wave with the very high energy such as the hardest γ-rays and X rays to radiate to the universe, because the dark nebulas contain not only the hydrogen plasma; soon after, those particles among the compound region of both nebulas fully need to continue exchanging energy, so the compound region will be producing the harder rays, i.e. having “the afterglow” phenomenon. This show is quite similar to “the gamma-ray burst ” in the universe. So I all insist that “the gamma-ray burst” phenomena are just made as this model.

Because the distribution of dark nebulas is mainly disorderly and irregular ^[6], the distribution of gamma-ray burst is similarly irregular in the universe. The time length T of “the gamma-ray burst” is decided by the straight length L along the motion direction that is the biggest bulk nebula and their velocity summation △V before two nebulas colliding, i.e., T = L /△V ; the frequencyυof the gamma rays is proportional to the colliding energy E of the particles where are in the collision between the nebulas; the gamma-ray intensity I is proportional to the plasma density D of compound nebulas and the momentum difference △MV between nebulas. The greatest intensity of the gamma rays should appear in the maximum joint face of the collision between the nebulas. Of course, the hard rays wavelength is usually very short but its intensity is very strong, at the colliding times when the two nebulas combine from the colliding beginning to all forming the compound nebula.

Only “the gamma-ray burst” of certain longer times exists, the fixed star can be set up, and its lasting evolvement can advance gradually. In other words, the sidereal evolvement should be regarded that it belongs to “the particularly long afterglow”, but then the time-length of “the afterglow” is fairly long over tens of billions years from the birth to the end. But yet, I cannot yet confirm the shortest time-length of “the gamma-ray burst”, as these nebulas’ collision form “the particularly long afterglow” and just right results in the birth of the fixed star.

2. The Babyhood of the Fixed Star

The babyhood of the fixed star should be affirmed, as the compound nebula stops emitting plenty of hard rays. In the times, there are the greatest plentiful hydrogen spectra among the sidereal spectra, together with others plentiful spectra of the light nuclei.

In the beginning period of the fixed star, the main tool of accelerating is varied electromagnetic fields, has hardly the gravitational attraction. Thus, the thermonuclear fusion actions are not particularly violent, and mainly maintain the cycling of Hydrogen and Helium, together with Lithium, Beryllium, Boron, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen and such light nuclei, though these nuclei cycling depend seriously on the elementary particles cycling and bombarding. But then, some heavy nuclei cycling exist similarly in the system, yet the quantities of them are quite few.

Because the density distribution of the plasma is not uniform, the nuclear reactions’ actions are more active in the denser regions of the compound nebula, not everywhere. In particular, in the regions of having large quantities of super-nuclides, the action time of the thermonuclear fusion can be prolonged, because the super-nuclides can keep provisionally the elementary particles so as to seem to found plenty of the energy buffers. From the whole observation, the fixed star will mainly emit some particles with the smaller mass and radiate various rays without higher energy during the first period, for example, the neutrinos and the neutrons and the protons etc. together with the electromagnetic radiation with the lower energy.

However, there are always many bright regions to yield the rays with the higher energy as their best ability because of having lots of the denser plasma regions. But there must be the brightest region in the whole compound nebula, for the plasma density of this region is also the densest. Moreover, the densest plasma region has very frequent thermonuclear reactions, also can become gradually bright more and more. Thus, it must develop gradually into the center of the compound nebula. The geometry form of the compound nebula can still become regular increasingly. These states clearly show that the compound nebula is just beginning to form a quasi-stellar object, which can keep emitting intensely a mass of the low energy rays.

For instance, as the following Figure 4 shown, the Ghost Head Nebula, which is displayed by Astronomy Now in 2001, is the best evidence for those complex nebulas, which are beginning to form the fixed star. Moreover, its two bright eyes are gradually developing to form a binary star. Those bright spots out of the bright eyes will gradually evolve into the comets and planets. From its shape we can see, it is stepping in the babyhood period.

Along with that the hydrogen plasma is consumed gradually in the compound nebula, the quantities of the heavy super-nuclides can be produced more and more. The heavy particles are not ease to gain higher velocity in plasma, so these heavy charged nuclei, particularly those nuclides of having very strong magnetism can disturb each other and gather together quickly. These collecting actions seem to be like this state: lots of the sluggish streams slowly flow down to form their own lake, then some lakes can connect to each other so as to evolve into the larger lake, at last, lots of lakes can form gradually the great ocean that must develop and enlarge around the largest lake.

The mass collecting of the charged nuclei must make the charge structure of some regions unsteady very much. While varied collecting actions turn into the frequent period, the motions of varied accelerating fields will also become fairly complicated. The frequency of varied nuclear cycles also becomes faster. Various group bodies of the heavy super-nuclides will appear more and more. Moreover, as the bulk of compound nebula is constricted gradually because of producing the large quantities of the heavy nuclei, its geometry form will also gradually become very regular like an ellipsoid or a round plate. Those regions without the thermonuclear fusion actions will gradually get into such very gray that we can hardly discover the existence of lots and lots of the particles, for these regions are already no longer emitting the easily observable light to us. Thus, the fixed star will slowly step and long remain in the youth-middle period.