Author:  Anbaoe  Lee

Beijing Dingson Environmental Protection Technology Company, No12 Huangsi street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100028, P.R.China   

3. Comets and Planets Forming

In the earlier period of the fixed star, there are already varied regions where there are distributed by the dense or thin thermonuclear material. Obviously, the whole absorbing energy of the thinner plasma regions cannot counteract their own releasing energy towards the outside space, so the necessary plasma energy of thermonuclear fusion cannot be held all the time; moreover, the electromagnetic fields of the thinner regions are more difficult to contend with that of the denser regions where there are the larger group bodies, so that these thinner regions won’t be able to gain such ample plasma source that they can still make the thermonuclear fusion actions continue. Thus, as the hydrogen plasma in the thinner plasma regions is consumed continuously, the thermonuclear fusion actions of these regions will go gradually into the downtime and become weak more and more.

Lots of the group bodies of the heavy nuclides always exist with various modes in the whole system. Moreover, there are plenty of small mass group bodies in the larger mass group body. And there is the largest group body in all great group bodies. But, the larger mass body always attracts deeply the small mass group body to encircle it. This motional mode is very particular and fairly stable, for the momentum of every body comes all from the thermonuclear fusion.

It is very interesting that, these great group bodies can cause the density of the plasma to increase, and make the nuclear reactions occur frequently in their controllable extent. Along with these bodies motioning in their orbit, meanwhile they gather the plasma of passing regions to increase their density and make these plasma take part in the thermonuclear reactions. Every group body can grow up almost as this way, and maintain the best available predominance of the thermonuclear fusion so as to clean continuously the thermonuclear fusion remains nearby the group body which is advancing in its orbit.

These remains, which are composed of various particles and granules and small bodies etc., are always the thermonuclear fusion source of the greater group bodies, unless the nuclear fusion actions of these bodies stop all to form comets and planets. In the outside space of the fixed star, the original occupying spaces of these remains will become gradually transparent more and more along with the greater group bodies cleaning. Because various group bodies are composed of various nuclides, their momentums and velocities are similarly different. Sometimes the great group bodies of motioning can also seize some small group bodies that can encounter it. The forming time of the great planets is certainly longer than that of the comets, for the planets can gather more thermonuclear material to hold the thermonuclear fusion for a fairly long times. Of course, the planetary component is also more complicated than the comets. So most small bodies are collected by the way that they join in the thermonuclear fusion.

Especially, with the formation of the small stars which circle the center star, their movement will make further the remain matter about their orbit be gathered. In order to narrate simply, we draw the planetary star into this paper, namely, the planetary star is the small star that circles the center fixed star to move and just forms the planet. These small stars can capture the thermonuclear matter with the thermonuclear fusion about their orbit more and more as they circle the center star to move, and make the remain matter form themselves component. So, the whole system will show the clear and definite orbit of planetary movement, like a translucent plate that is composed of many rings. We can say the sidereal nebula plate even including the planetary nebula plate all are the produce of the thermonuclear fusion.

The thinner plasma regions must maintain the weak nuclear reactions enclosed intermittently strengthening, and stop gradually making the thermonuclear fusion, so that they will cool down slowly, too. Moreover, most nuclides will gradually change into those stable nuclei through their own decays. In the meantime, the greater mass body in the drifting motion can further collect continuously the remains of the nuclear fusion, including various small body groups of the heavy nuclei around it, by their attraction and the physical and chemical properties. Finally, all greater group body without maintaining the thermonuclear fusion actions will form gradually the comets or the planets in their own motional spaces.

Of course, the greater group body can evolve into the greater comet or planet, but not all comets and planets are completed in the same times. The appearance order of the comets and planets is all based on how much the mass of the group body is and how far the distance to the dominant fusion regions of the sidereal system is. The outside space of the compound nebula always makes weaker thermonuclear reactions, lots of which are caused by the higher energy particles from the violent nuclear fusion regions. Moreover, all particles of the outside space can be direct to radiate the energy towards the universe all the time, so that the matter can be cooled much faster, and form gradually much smaller entity bodies. Because most matter (the main is light nuclei.) in the outside space cannot continue to make the thermonuclear fusion, these of the fusion material source can be kept to form the comets and planets. This still shows that the comets and the planets must be in the outside space of the fixed star, particularly the comets must occur in the earliest period and the farthest outside space.

If the thermonuclear reactions already stop completely in the farthest outside space, there must be the largest quantities of Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium, Boron, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen and such the light nuclei. Certainly, there are still the small quantities of the middle nuclei Na Mg Al Si … including a few of the heavier nuclei Fe Cu … etc. in the outside space. Thus, they will easily yield BH₃ C_nH_{2n+2 C2}H₄ C₂H₂ C₆H₆ HCOOH C₂H₅O CO CO₂ NH₃ N₂H₄ H₂O HCN NO N₂O₂ Li₂CO₃ Li₃BO₃ … and graphite and such gas molecules and compound etc., and all based on their chemical properties and the quantities of the existent elements to make those comets. Even some comets could contain a few of quantities of (SiH₂)_x and SiH₄ etc. But then, it is very important for the collecting actions of matter that the multi-structure carbon and Al(OH)₃ and silica-gel etc. have the particularly absorptive properties, as those gases compose the thicker surface of the comets finally. So we can gain the real age of the solar system according to its comets, for the existence of those comets is almost the same long as the solar system.

In the period of forming comets and planets, the sidereal system is more like a huge broken plate, which there seem lots of shining pearls to be inlaid in their own divided part. Because all of the comets and the planets must pass through the thermonuclear fusion to form, they are more alike lots of small and bright fire-stack to be strewn and circle slowly the sidereal center, from their indistinct appearance to the gradual disappearance as we observe them in the certain times. Sometimes, these fires will appear intensively in the certain region, like some star clusters, as Figure 5 shown. This state is almost the same as the motional mode of the solar planets, for example these planets also have their own orbits and the intensive periods. But then, these fires must have the bright and dim times with the comets and the planets forming, moreover, the various fires should have great difference on the level of bright in the same times, too.

Figure5: This photo, which is taken by the device of Chandra X-ray, is that the spiral galaxy is called after serial number M83. It shows that, certain regions contain violent nuclear fusion actions, but others regions contain weaker nuclear fusion actions. Moreover, the different state of brightness and gray also displays asymmetric distribution of plasma. From the upper photo, the fixed star seems to be a star cluster, but it ought to be going into the period of forming the planets. Those peripheral bright dots are possibly forming the planets, and their array seems as if all planets of the solar system are in the certain station. It is discovered that, the cloud groups in which surrounds the central region hold about 7,000,000 ℃, and there are Carbon, Neon, Magnesium, Silicon, Sulfur and such nuclei.

4. The Middle-youth Age of the Fixed Star

The forming of comets and planets is completely caused by the thermonuclear fusion. In this period, the thermonuclear reactions become more complicated, too. The fixed star is growing up to evolve into the very stable sidereal system including the appearance of the planetary group. The appearance of planets is exactly the main mark, which the fixed star already steps in the middle-youth age.

For example Figure 6, this photo which is named “V838 Monocerotis”, has taken by Hubble in 2002. This fixed star is clear that the fixed star must go through the stage of planet forming. The largest star is in the center, lots of small star that are evolving the planets always circle it to move, just like the planets of the solar system to circle the sun. These stars make the uneven distribution ring of outer atmosphere be excited so as to shine. Moreover, the formation and sphere of the atmosphere clearly show the sidereal bulk and the active region of the thermonuclear fusion in the beginning stage. The regions where still hold the large quantities of the atmosphere must be the very weak regions of the thermonuclear fusion. The fixed star forming all begins from the nebula. This photo shows that the sidereal system is in the stage of youngsters. Certainly, we can still observe the motion orbit of the small star of the outside in order to define further if they can evolve and form the planets.

Figure 6: This photo, which is named “V838 Monocerotis”, has taken by Hubble in 2002. It is clear that the system of fixed star must go through the stage of planet forming, and is in the stage of youngster.

The fixed star in the middle-youth age is able to emit the large quantities of varied particles and the rays with the higher energy like our sun. Such the electromagnetic radiation includes the ultraviolet rays, the X rays, and the γ-rays radiate more frequently to the universe. It is the reason that, the actions of varied electromagnetic fields and gravity are further active, the light nuclei and the elementary particles can gain higher energy than the sidereal babyhood to make the nuclear fusion actions become very violent and frequent.

It is worth to say, the electromagnetic field is still the main accelerating tool, which is used for accelerating varied charged particles. Moreover, the gravity of the sidereal center already forms, and maintains powerfully the collecting actions. And it makes the granules and the small group bodies of heavy nuclei gain the certain energy so as to move to the larger drifting group body all the time. Undoubtedly, though the gravity is caused in the way that the nuclear fusion have the compound nebula contracting and shaping a huge sphere, it seem to exert certain decisive power to influence the planets forming. The great group body of drifting will make the small objects of encountering it to be collected, meanwhile increase itself density, so this body can further maintain the nuclear fusion for a long times.

It is true that, varied electromagnetic fields not only have very important actions to make varied charged particles gain the certain energy, but also can contract the bulk of the fixed star. Meanwhile, forming the regular geometry shape of the fixed star also has the direct relationship with the electromagnetic field and the gravitational attraction. Therefore, there are always various accelerating mechanisms mainly including various electromagnetic fields and gravitational attractions during the middle-youth age of the fixed star.

Meanwhile, the kinds of the elementary particles are particularly plentiful and complete in the period. The nuclei cycling differs in thousands of ways. The main model of nuclei cycling is the light nuclei cycling, some are the middle nuclei cycling, for example Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S … Fe, Co, Ni, Cu … and such the middle nuclei. However, the whole tendency of the nuclei cycling is always gradually developing towards the existence of the total nuclear cycles even including the super-heavy nuclei cycling. Accordingly the abundance ratios of the heavy nuclei become higher than that of the former times. But then, there is always the most abundance ratio of the certain nucleus among the total nuclei for every period of sidereal evolution, and this ratio must also move to the heavier nuclei gradually and successively.

Besides, not only there are very complicated and plentiful compound nuclei, but also there is the emission of various electromagnetic waves in the different period of the fixed star. We can still calibrate the real age of the fixed star through the characteristic spectrum, but must pay attention to distinguish the complex properties of the super-nuclides. Even some characteristic spectra of the multi-charge super-nuclides are probably disguising as the spectra of the light nuclei with a few nuclear charges. However, this very interesting subject needs to be proved further through tests yet. Our research is still very limited for the properties of the super-nuclides, particularly for the super-nuclides in the thermonuclear fusion.

Certainly, the thermonuclear fission is one of the properties of some super-nuclei. Therefore, the nuclear reactions in the middle age of the fixed star, not only have violent and frequent thermonuclear fusion, but also ought to have frequent nuclear fission. Mass fission actions will easily cause a violent burst of the thermonuclear reactions, and make plenty of particles run away to the outside space. Thus, there is a new tiny plasma cloud to form in the universe. These escaping particles will exist long with the tiny dark nebula in the universe. Such the bursts are fairly frequent in this period.

5. The Old Age of the Fixed Star

As the fixed star steps in the old age, its shape is gradually becoming regular very much. The gravitational attraction seems to turn into the main accelerating tool instead of the electromagnetic field. Various electromagnetic fields motioning is almost concealed by the gravitational phenomena. Because of the increasingly powerful actions of the gravitational attraction, lots of the group bodies of drifting can drop gradually into the sidereal core of having the super-heavy super-nuclides, or collide each other to form the greater group body. The bulk of the fixed star continues to be contracted gradually smaller and smaller. Meanwhile, the collecting processes of these bodies groups means that the plasma can occupy more space, so that the particles in plasma can exchange energy more frequently and expeditiously to achieve the thermonuclear fusion actions for a longest times as the best of their abilities.

Along with that the light nuclei are gradually used out, the thermonuclear fusion actions are always weakened gradually. But, those great group bodies can cause the density of the particles to increase, and make the nuclear reactions occur frequently in their controllable extent. Only those regions where have powerful gravitational actions are distributed by the denser particles, and make violent nuclear reactions. Surely, usually the fixed star emits the continuous electromagnetic wave with the lower energy during the old age period. But, sometimes the radiation with the high energy is off and on mingled among the lower energy rays.

Sometimes, the old fixed star is probably sudden to makes very violent reactions burst, and emits varied particles even including some compound particles and the large amounts of the hard rays towards the universe, but this chance is usually fewer. This phenomenon is probably that some drifting group bodies of the heavy nuclei drop into the sidereal core or collide each other so as to make suddenly very violent reactions burst.

Because the fixed star emits continuously varied particles and rays towards the universe all the time, the sidereal mass is always decreased gradually. Surely, the fixed star must stop radiating varied particles and rays at last. It will evolve gradually into the cold star during the final period. Perhaps, it is not the truth that the death of the old fixed star goes through the sudden disintegration with only once violent burst, but the fixed star should make many violent bursts and end gradually thermonuclear reactions. I think the very composed death ought to be the main ending way of the old star. Most stars can gradually form the super-heavy super-nuclides stars at the last period. But, the old star still has the nuclear reactions after it stops completely the fusion actions, for example the decays.

For the star of definite mass, while the light nuclei are almost used up, it has certainly plenty of the heaviest super-nuclides only belonging to itself, namely that these super-heavy nuclides cannot continue to evolve into the heavier super-nuclides unless the actions of thermonuclear fusion revive completely. There are always plenty of super-uranium super-nuclides in the fixed star, though we have not discovered these super-uranium nuclei yet. Of course, the fixed star of different mass owns different groups’ bodies and gravitational attraction similarly.