6. Discussing

The evolving processes of the fixed star and galaxy may be expressed by the following as Figure 7 shown:

Figure 7: The forming mode of fixed star and galaxy.

Perhaps, forming some fixed stars has no the collision between the nebulas, but it should be that the collision between the very huge nebulas firstly forms the compound nebula of galaxy then make up various fixed stars. Because the plasma energy of each nebula can be very low and their plasma density can be very thin, particularly the momentum difference between the nebulas cannot be large enough due to the different colliding direction, so the two nebulas will compound the greater nebula but not to start up the thermonuclear fusion. Only the collision of maturing condition can evolve into varied fixed stars, but at this time the compound nebula will be possible to become very large so as to probably form tens of thousands suns. Certain complicated nebulas may be the formation of the collision between the huge nebula and the sidereal system, for instance LMC and SMC, which may be in the initial stages of the collision finished. Everything can all take place in the vast universe, but we cannot know all yet.

At the same time, I think, the very violent bursts in the evolving processes of the fixed star are the foundation of forming the tiny dark nebulas. In the universe, these tiny dark nebulas should exist extensively, and take part in the cosmic evolvement. They cannot be neglected yet. 

But, various cosmic systems of containing the fixed stars are similarly in the motion, never stopping a moment. Only having the chance, those systems should also have the cosmic collisions to form the more complicated cosmic systems. 

In brief, the sidereal actions and evolvement is very complicated for us, but the observation and discovery are never disconnected with humanity. Now, our skills are becoming more powerful than the past for the study of the sidereal actions. Certainly, it is of a great value to research the genesis and evolvement of the universe including the genesis of the galaxy, once we really understand the sidereal genesis and evolvement.

5. Summary and Discussion 

From the upper formulations of the nuclear reactions we can gain these results: There are various nuclei cycles of depending seriously on the elementary particle cycling and bombarding in the thermonuclear fusion. It is not right that the thermonuclear fusion theory that the forming of a new compound nucleus go through only a direct collision between the light nuclei. The plentiful information of varied particles and rays from the sun also show the complicated properties of the thermonuclear fusion actions. Producing plenty of the elementary particles in the nuclear fusion cannot be explained perfectly by the simplest mode of tow nucleus compounding. It should be more rational that the thermonuclear fusion model of the double cycles, which the multi-nuclei cycling depends seriously on the elementary particles cycling and bombarding. Exactly, in the thermonuclear fusion, there is the nuclear fusion and the nuclear fission, and a few of the direct compound reactions of two light nuclei. Almost all nuclear reactions exist in the thermonuclear fusion of the fixed star.

Not only that, this system model can also well explain the phenomenon of the mass defect. It is that the compounding of helium needs go through many nuclear reaction processes but not once collision of both hydrogen nuclei. The whole fusion course from hydrogen to helium releases the energy, but certain steps can be not to set free the energy. In many nuclear reactions, each reaction can all radiate some particles such as neutrinos and µ-particles, so that each reacting step can all reduce some mass to compound a new bigger particle. Because many fusion processes from hydrogen to helium have been thought only once nuclear reaction by the wrong way, and overlooked the details of them, thus the false impression has given us the conception of the mass defect. Undoubtedly, correctly distinguishing this problem will be very important for the development of modern physics.

In the fixed star, there are the large quantities of various super-nuclides and heavy super-nuclides, the heavy nuclei granules, the group of various heavy nuclei granules, and the great group bodies of the heavy nuclei granules’ group and such nuclides’ group bodies. Their existence and increase depend completely on the thermonuclear reactions lasting. Various group bodies with the different volume and form appear continuously in the fixed star all the time. Those larger group bodies have stronger attraction than the small group bodies for any object. At last, the most mass group body must evolve gradually into the center of the sidereal gravitational attraction, and maintain the most violent nuclear reactions about it all along. Therefore, not only there are plenty of the group bodies of the heavy nuclei for drifting in the fixed star, but also there is surely a very large core of mixing the super-heavy super-nuclides in the center of the fixed star. I insist still that the evolution of all celestial bodies must go through the process of the thermonuclear fusion.

In fact, the total of hydrogen plasma are always decreased continuously so as to turn into the heavy neutral particles and the multi-charge nuclei in the thermonuclear fusion. All matter is composed of the elementary particles. Most elementary particles always carry the certain electric charge, namely displaying a positive unit charge or a negative unit charge, but their electric charges are almost disappeared in all heavy particles including super-nuclides. Every heavy nucleus shows only a few of electric charges. I think these disappeared charges already turn into the gravity. The gravity may be regarded as the property that the charged particles motion in the tinier space.

The gravity should be the inherent property of objective matter, but the unreal particles have not this property at all. The essence of the gravity is the effect of that varied hard density particles are continuously produced out and grown up and accumulated in the quite limited space by the thermonuclear reactions. Certainly, these hard density particles have almost the tiniest volume but the very heavy mass based on their own energy, including from varied hydrogen super-nuclides to super-heavy super-uranium super-nuclides even including heavy super-neutrons and such hard particles. Along with that the large quantities of the hard density particles are accumulated continuously in the core of the fixed star, sidereal bulk will be contracted gradually, and its attraction actions will also become powerful increasingly for its surrounding objects, as their own ability without overstepping the power of the thermonuclear fusion in the system.

If there is no the thermonuclear fusion, there must be no varied compound nuclei, then the quantities of plasma will not be decreased, and the bulk of compound nebula cannot be contracted, thus the comets and planets and such celestial bodies cannot also be formed, so the token of gravity will also be no what is called. The gravitational attraction is caused by that the stable heavy nuclei increase continuously, but the formation of these nuclei must firstly pass through that the thermonuclear reactions yield varied super-nuclides. So we may playfully call the super-nuclides “the gravitational factor”.

It is deemed that, the gravitational actions of each star cannot pass through the whole cosmos, but suit the inside of its system. The influence extent of the sidereal gravity is quite limited. The compound nebula having the certain mass and occupying the certain space is prerequisite to the gravitational action extent and the formation of the final gravity structure. Someone thinks the sidereal gravitation should be regarded as the loaded information, which is the accumulative total of all effects of sidereal thermonuclear fusion actions. The gravity is the show of the systemic inertia, which is gained only through the thermonuclear fusion. The distribution of planets and comets, their orbits, even including the happenings, which the planets will collide with the comets or the smaller planets, all should belong to their own inherent properties, which are independent of any object. Of course, this is really a very interesting but troublesome consideration.

We have known there are the large quantities of nebulas in the universe to drift everywhere. Just the origin of the fixed star is all relative to the motion of nebulas. The fixed star is founded up at least by the collision between the huge nebulas. The sidereal component will become complicated more and more with the evolutional proceeding of the fixed star. Because the fixed star emits continuously plenty of varied particles and rays towards the universe, the sidereal mass is always decreased gradually, so that it will stop gradually radiating finally with the hydrogen plasma using out. The very peaceful death should be the main way that most stars end the nuclear fusion actions. Moreover, the appearance of all comets and planets must go through the processes of the thermonuclear fusion, but the comets must appear in the earlier period of sidereal evolution. Perhaps, some galaxies forming need similarly to pass through the processes of the thermonuclear fusion because of the much huger nebulas colliding each other.

I suppose that, there can be no really electric neutral for each nebula in the universe, but the whole nebula can show larger or fewer quantities of the certain electric charge, which is the negative electric charge or the positive charge. These superabundant quantities of electric charge will decide what kind of heavy nuclei are produced in the forming and evolving course of the fixed star. If the whole compound nebula displays the large quantities of negative charge, then the thermonuclear reactions will yield the large quantities of the nuclei the same as our sun. In contrast, if the whole compound nebula displays the large quantities of the positive charge, then there must be plenty of the anti-protons in the plasma, so the nuclear fusion will yield the large quantities of the anti-nuclei, which are all not the same as that we have known these nuclei today. From this view, the cosmic evolvement is probably very complicated, and further oversteps our imaginable extent. As both dark nebulas with the opposite polarity have collision with each other, the nuclear reactions will be very violent and achieve the very grand scene. Thus, we shall be no longer astonished by the “gamma-ray burst” phenomena of emitting the particularly high energy in the universe.

I think that the essence of the red shift could relate to the producing and spreading of light, especially the red shift is fairly possible that the super-nuclides of the light nuclei go back to the ground state to produce. I think the red shift probably is a stage that every fixed star must go through in the course of its evolution. In the early stage of the evolution, the fixed star maybe emit the large quantities of the rays of the bigger red shift, then gradually tend to emit the rays like our sunlight. Perhaps the fixed star emits the rays containing the component of the purple shift in the certain stage of the evolvement. However, someone still thinks we could seek the reality of the red shift, for the light that the anti-galaxy emits could have the red shift. Certainly, as this saying, the initial point of the cosmic beginning should also be no the scene of “the Big Bang” at all.

Moreover, this systemic model also explains the source and formation of varied nuclei, the evolvement processes of the fixed star is right the processes of birthing and growing of varied nuclei. And then, this is right giving some serious doubts about “the Big Bang”, if we still count the cosmic age as the forming process of all nuclei in the initial stages of the universe. It is very clear that, the double cycles system of the thermonuclear fusion already make the vast universe organically and fully come into contact with the particles in the microcosm. These thoughts should have the important reference to studying the evolvement of the universe.

Today, there are many things to do on the controlled thermonuclear fusion all the same. The continuous occurrence of the thermonuclear fusion not only needs to make the elementary particles maintain enough energy, but also needs to hold the smallest certain space, so as to have the elementary particles captured and cycled continuously in the system. Perhaps, the controllable technologies of irregular magnetic confinement, like the way of that the continuous reactive collisions are maintained between the densest plasma regions of funneled-stream, should be easier than that of the regular magnetic confinement to be realized for the use of the fusion energy of the light nuclei. The thermonuclear fusion can continuously emit plenty of varied particles and electromagnetic radiations toward the universe. So it is not yet the cleanest energy we can use, but always has the fairly strong radioactivity as others nuclear reactions.

For success in realizing the controlled nuclear fusion of economy, the research on this side will be possibly to require about a hundred years through much hard work of us. However, we should hold optimistic mind to continue investing in the experiments. Especially, we should pay a great attention to observe and discover various actions of the sun, because the sun is only the fixed star with the shortest distance to our earth. Moreover, it is also the best test field, which is a natural existence for us to use free every day. The future of human being is forever full of infinite hope as long as we insist on working right and hard!